Quercus libani G.Olivier

Syria, Turkey, Iran, (in mountains, mainly in the Northern part of the Zagros forests); introduced in Europe in 1856 (in Great Britain); 700-2000 m;

10-20 m; sometimes less than 3 m;

5-12 x 2-3 cm; deciduous or semi-evergreen; oblong, oval-lanceolate or lanceolate; base rounded to subcordate, often asymmetrical; apex acuminate; margin more or less regularly serrate, with 9-14 pairs of teeth, each ending in a mucronate (or aristate), 3 mm long point; dark lustrous green adaxially; paler beneath, slightly pubescent at first, then glabrescent (seldom with a dense stellate indumentum); 9-14 vein pairs, raised abaxially; petiole slender, 0.6-1 cm, becoming glabrous;

male catkin slender, short, hairy; female catkin 0.5-1.5 cm long, tomentose, bearing 2 flowers;

acorn 2-3 cm long, cylindrical, apically truncate-flattened; peduncle short (less than 1 cm) and thick; enclosed 1/2 or 3/4 by cup; cup thick with long, recurved, tomentose scales, the scales around the rim erect, the scales near the base more appressed; basal scar flat or weakly convex, large;  maturing in 2 years;

– A. Camus : tome 1, p. 517, n° 111; – Sub-genus Cerris, Section Cerris, subsection Libani (with afares and trojana ); – Slow growing; lives up to 100 years;